Contents
Preface xiii
Part I Introduction to Systems 1
Chapter 1 Systems Science and Engineering 2
1.1 System Definitions and Elements 3
1.2 Classification of Systems 5
1.3 Science and Systems Science 8
1.4 Technology and Technical Systems 11
1.5 Transition to the Systems Age 13
1.6 Systems Engineering 17
1.7 Summary and Extensions 19
Questions and Problems 21
Chapter 2 Bringing Systems Into Being 23
2.1 The Engineered System 24
2.2 System Life-Cycle Engineering 29
2.3 The Systems Engineering Process 33
2.4 System Design Considerations 35
2.5 System Synthesis, Analysis, and Evaluation 41
2.6 Implementing Systems Engineering 46
2.7 Summary and Extensions 51
Questions and Problems 52
Part II The System Design Process 55
Chapter 3 Conceptual System Design 56
3.1 Problem Definition and Need Identification 57
3.2 Advanced System Planning and Architecting 58
3.3 System Design and Feasibility Analysis 60
3.4 System Operational Requirements 61
3.5 System Maintenance and Suppor 76
3.6 Technical Performance Measures 82
3.7 Functional Analysis and Allocation 86
3.8 System Trade-off Analyses 93
3.9 System Specification 95
3.10 Conceptual Design Review 95
3.11 Summary and Extensions 97
Questions and Problems 98
Chapter 4 Preliminary System Design 100
4.1 Preliminary Design Requirements 101
4.2 Development, Product, Process, and Material Specifications 102
4.3 Functional Analysis and Allocation (Subsystem) 104
4.4 Preliminary Design Criteria 112
4.5 Design Engineering Activities 114
4.6 Engineering Design Tools and Technologies 117
4.7 Trade-off Studies and Design Definition 120
4.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 123
4.9 Summary and Extensions 125
Questions and Problems 126
Chapter 5 Detail Design and Development 128
5.1 Detail Design Requirements 129
5.2 The Evolution of Detail Design 130
5.3 Integrating System Elements and Activities 134
5.4 Design Tools and Aids 136
5.5 Design Data, Information, and Integration 137
5.6 Development of Engineering Models 139
5.7 System Prototype Development 142
5.8 Design Review, Evaluation, and Feedback 142
5.9 Incorporating Design Changes 146
5.10 Summary and Extensions 147
Questions and Problems 148
Chapter 6 System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 150
6.1 The Process of System Test, Evaluation, and Validation 151
6.2 Categories of System Test and Evaluation 153
6.3 Planning for System Test and Evaluation 157
6.4 Preparation for System Test and Evaluation 160
6.5 System Test, Data Collection, Reporting, and Feedback 162
6.6 Summary and Extensions 166
Questions and Problems 167
Part III Systems Analysis and Design Evaluation 169
Chapter 7 Alternatives and Models in Decision Making 170
7.1 Alternatives in Decision Making 171
7.2 Models in Decision Making 172
7.3 Decision Evaluation Theory 176
7.4 Decisions Involving Multiple Criteria 181
7.5 The Decision Evaluation Display 187
7.6 Decisions Under Risk and Uncertainty 188
7.7 Summary and Extensions 197
Questions and Problems 199
Chapter 8 Models For Economic Evaluation 204
8.1 Interest and Interest Formulas 205
8.2 Determining Economic Equivalence 210
8.3 Evaluating a Single Alternative 213
8.4 Evaluating Multiple Alternatives 221
8.5 Evaluation Involving Multiple Criteria 223
8.6 Multiple Alternatives with Multiple Futures 224
8.7 Break-Even Economic Evaluations 227
8.8 Break-Even Evaluation Under Risk 232
8.9 Summary and Extensions 234
Questions and Problems 234
Chapter 9 Optimization in Design and Operations 239
9.1 Classical Optimization Theory 240
9.2 Unconstrained Classical Optimization 246
9.3 Constrained Classical Optimization 267
9.4 Optimization Involving Multiple Criteria 272
9.5 Constrained Optimization by Linear Programming 274
9.6 Summary and Extensions 283
Questions and Problems 284
Chapter 10 Queuing Theory and Analysis 289
10.1 The Queuing System 290
10.2 Monte Carlo Analysis of Queuing 293
10.3 Single-Channel Queuing Models 296
10.4 Multiple-Channel Queuing Models 305
10.5 Queuing with Nonexponential Service 308
10.6 Finite Population Queuing Models 311
10.7 Summary and Extensions 318
Questions and Problems 319
Chapter 11 Control Concepts and Methods 322
11.1 Some Basic Control Concepts 323
11.2 Statistical Process Control 325
11.3 Statistical Control Charts 327
11.4 Optimum Policy Control 337
11.5 Project Control with CPM and PERT 340
11.6 Total Quality Control 350
11.7 Summary and Extensions 353
Questions and Problems 354
Part IV Design for Operational Feasibility 361
Chapter 12 Design for Reliability 362
12.1 Definition and Explanation of Reliability 363
12.2 Measures of Reliability 364
12.3 Reliability in the System Life Cycle 374
12.4 Reliability Analysis Methods 385
12.5 Reliability Test and Evaluation 396
12.6 Summary and Extensions 404
Questions and Problems 404
Chapter 13 Design for Maintainability 410
13.1 Definition and Explanation of Maintainability 411
13.2 Measures of Maintainability 412
13.3 Availability and Effectiveness Measures 426
13.4 Maintainability in the System Life Cycle 429
13.5 Maintainability Analysis Methods 436
13.6 Maintainability Demonstration 457
13.7 Summary and Extensions 463
Questions and Problems 464
Chapter 14 Design For Usability (Human Factors) 468
14.1 Definition and Explanation of Human Factors 469
14.2 The Measures in Human Factors 481
14.3 Human Factors in the System Life Cycle 482
14.4 Human Factors Analysis Methods 486
14.5 Personnel and Training Requirements 492
14.6 Personnel Test and Evaluation 494
14.7 Summary and Extensions 494
Questions and Problems 495
Chapter 15 Design for Logistics and Supportability 497
15.1 Definition and Explanation of Logistics and Supportability 498
15.2 Logistics in the System-of-Systems Environmen 503
15.3 The Elements of Logistics and System Support 503
15.4 The Measures of Logistics and Supportability 507
15.5 Logistics and Maintenance Support in the System Life Cycle 526
15.6 Supportability Analysis 532
15.7 Supportability Test and Evaluation 535
15.8 Summary and Extensions 537
Questions and Problems 538
Chapter 16 Design for Producibility, Disposability, and Sustainability 541
16.1 Introducing Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability 542
16.2 Producibility,Disposability, and Sustainability in the Life Cycle 545
16.3 Measures of Producibility and Production Progress 547
16.4 Design for Producibility 552
16.5 Design for Disposability 556
16.6 Design for Sustainability 558
16.7 Life-Cycle Value-Cost Diagram 560
16.8 Summary and Extensions 562
Questions and Problems 564
Chapter 17 Design for Affordability (Life-cycle Costing) 566
17.1 Introduction to Life-Cycle Costing 567
17.2 Cost Considerations Over the System Life Cycle 570
17.3 A Generic Life-Cycle Costing Process 574
17.4 Life-Cycle Costing by Money Flow Modeling 591
17.5 Life-Cycle Costing by Economic Optimization 616
17.6 Applications and Benefits of Life-Cycle Costing 628
17.7 Summary and Extensions 630
Questions and Problems 631
Part V Systems Engineering Management 639
Chapter 18 Systems Engineering Planning and Organization 640
18.1 Systems Engineering Program Planning 641
18.2 Systems Engineering Management Plan (SEMP) 643
18.3 Organization for Systems Engineering 658
18.4 Summary and Extensions 671
Questions and Problems 672
Chapter 19 Program Management, Control, and Evaluation 674
19.1 Organizational Goals and Objectives 675
19.2 Outsourcing and the Identification of Suppliers 676
19.3 Program Leadership and Direction 680
19.4 Program Evaluation and Feedback 681
19.5 Risk Management 690
19.6 Summary and Extensions 692
Questions and Problems 694
Part VI Appendices 697
Appendix A Functional Analysis 699
A.1 Functional Flow Block Diagrams 699
A.2 Some Examples of Application 701
Appendix B Design and Management Checklists 709
B.1 Design Review Checklist 709
B.2 Management Review Checklist 711
Appendix C Probability Theory and Analysis 715
C.1 Probability Concepts and Theory 715
C.2 Probability Distribution Models 718
C.3 Monte Carlo Analysis 726
Appendix D Probability and Statistical Tables 729
Table D.1 Random Rectangular Variates 729
Table D.2 Cumulative Poisson Probabilities 729
Table D.3 Cumulative Normal Probabilities 729
Appendix E Interest Factor Tables 737
Tables E.1 to E.8 Interest Factors for Annual Compounding 737
Appendix F Finite Queuing Tables 746
Tables F.1 to F.3 Finite Queuing Factors 746
Appendix G Selected Bibliography 755
G.1 Systems, Systems Analysis, and Systems Engineering 755
G.2 Concurrent and Simultaneous Engineering 757
G.3 Software and Computer-Based Systems 757
G.4 Reliability Engineering 758
G.5 Maintainability Engineering and Maintenance 759
G.6 Human Factors and Safety Engineering 760
G.7 Production, Manufacturing, and Quality Assurance 760
G.8 Logistics, Supply Chain, Supportability, and Sustainability 761
G.9 Operations Research and Operations Management 762
G.10 Engineering Economics and Life-Cycle Cost Analysis 763
G.11 Management and Supporting Areas 763
Appendix H Selected Websites 765
Index